tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54297319813536142632024-03-08T15:55:41.824-08:00GENETIKAAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16331930018434818573noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5429731981353614263.post-25604881001718285182012-11-12T21:38:00.000-08:002012-11-12T21:38:32.355-08:00GENETIKA MENDEL<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB IV</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">GENETIKA MENDEL</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PENGERTIAN GENETIKA MENDEL</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Genetika (dipinjam dari bahasa
Belanda:genetica, adaptasi dari bahasa Inggris: genetics, dibentuk dari kata
bahasa Yunani γέννω, genno, yang berarti "melahirkan") adalah cabang
biologi yang mempelajari pewarisan sifat pada organisme maupun suborganisme
(seperti virus dan prion). Secara singkat dapat juga dikatakan bahwa genetika
adalah ilmu tentang gen dan segala aspeknya. Istilah "genetika"
diperkenalkan oleh William Bateson pada suatu surat pribadi kepada Adam
Chadwick dan ia menggunakannya pada Konferensi Internasional tentang Genetika
ke-3 pada tahun 1906.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bidang
kajian genetika dimulai dari wilayah subselular (molekular) hingga populasi.
Secara lebih rinci, genetika berusaha menjelaskan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="fullpost">• </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">material
pembawa informasi untuk diwariskan (bahan genetik),</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="fullpost">• bagaimana informasi itu diekspresikan (ekspresi
genetik), dan</span><br />
<span class="fullpost">•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagaimana
informasi itu dipindahkan dari satu individu ke individu yang lain <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(pewarisan genetik).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Periode pra-Mendel<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="fullpost"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Meskipun
orang biasanya menetapkan genetika dimulai dengan ditemukannya kembali naskah
artikel yang ditulis Gregor Mendel pada tahun 1900, sebetulnya genetika sebagai
"ilmu pewarisan" atau hereditas sudah dikenal sejak masa prasejarah,
seperti domestikasi dan pengembangan berbagai ras ternak dan kultivar tanaman.
Orang juga sudah mengenal efek persilangan dan perkawinan sekerabat serta
membuat sejumlah prosedur dan peraturan mengenai hal tersebut sejak sebelum
genetika berdiri sebagai ilmu yang mandiri. Silsilah tentang penyakit pada
keluarga, misalnya, sudah dikaji orang sebelum itu. Namun demikian, pengetahuan
praktis ini tidak memberikan penjelasan penyebab dari gejala-gejala itu.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Teori
populer mengenai pewarisan yang dianut pada masa itu adalah teori pewarisan
campur: seseorang mewariskan campuran rata dari sifat-sifat yang dibawa
tetuanya, terutama dari pejantan karena membawa sperma. Hasil penelitian Mendel
menunjukkan bahwa teori ini tidak berlaku karena sifat-sifat dibawa dalam
kombinasi yang dibawa alel-alel khas, bukannya campuran rata. Pendapat terkait
lainnya adalah teori Lamarck: sifat yang diperoleh tetua dalam hidupnya diwariskan
kepada anaknya. Teori ini juga patah dengan penjelasan Mendel bahwa sifat yang
dibawa oleh gen tidak dipengaruhi pengalaman individu yang mewariskan sifat
itu[1]. Charles Darwin juga memberikan penjelasan dengan hipotesis pangenesis
dan kemudian dimodifikasi oleh Francis Galton[2]. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam pendapat ini, sel-sel tubuh menghasilkan partikel-partikel
yang disebut gemmula yang akan dikumpulkan di organ reproduksi sebelum
pembuahan terjadi. Jadi, setiap sel dalam tubuh memiliki sumbangan bagi
sifat-sifat yang akan dibawa zuriat (keturunan).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada masa
pra-Mendel, orang belum mengenal gen dan kromosom (meskipun DNA sudah
diekstraksi namun pada abad ke-19 belum diketahui fungsinya). Saat itu orang
masih beranggapan bahwa sifat diwariskan lewat sperma (tetua betina tidak
menyumbang apa pun terhadap sifat anaknya).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="fullpost">2. Konsep dasar <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peletakan
dasar ilmiah melalui percobaan sistematik baru dilakukan pada paruh akhir abad
ke-19 oleh Gregor Johann Mendel. Ia adalah seorang biarawan dari Brno (Brünn
dalam bahasa Jerman), Kekaisaran Austro-Hungaria (sekarang bagian dari Republik
Ceko). Mendel disepakati umum sebagai 'pendiri genetika' setelah karyanya
"Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden" atau Percobaan mengenai Persilangan
Tanaman (dipublikasi cetak pada tahun 1866) ditemukan kembali secara terpisah
oleh Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, dan Erich von Tschermak pada tahun 1900.
Dalam karyanya itu, Mendel pertama kali menemukan bahwa pewarisan sifat pada
tanaman (ia menggunakan tujuh sifat pada tanaman kapri, Pisum sativum)
mengikuti sejumlah nisbah matematika yang sederhana. Yang lebih penting, ia
dapat menjelaskan bagaimana nisbah-nisbah ini terjadi, melalui apa yang dikenal
sebagai 'Hukum Pewarisan Mendel'.</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari
karya ini, orang mulai mengenal konsep gen (Mendel menyebutnya 'faktor'). Gen
adalah pembawa sifat. Alel adalah ekspresi alternatif dari gen dalam kaitan
dengan suatu sifat. Setiap individu disomik selalu memiliki sepasang alel, yang
berkaitan dengan suatu sifat yang khas, masing-masing berasal dari tetuanya. Status
dari pasangan alel ini dinamakan genotipe. Apabila suatu individu memiliki
pasangan alel sama, genotipe individu itu bergenotipe homozigot, apabila
pasangannya berbeda, genotipe individu yang bersangkutan dalam keadaan
heterozigot. Genotipe terkait dengan sifat yang teramati. Sifat yang terkait
dengan suatu genotipe disebut fenotipe.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Genetika
(berasal dari bahasa Greek kuno) merupakan sebuah disiplin ilmu biologi yang
mempelajari tentang hereditas dan variasi dalam makhluk hidup. Genetika disebut
juga studi tentang pewarisan sifat (hereditas). Hereditas menjelaskan mengapa
anak mirip dengan kedua orangtuanya. Mengapa kucing selalu mewariskan anak
kucing tidak anak anjing. Pewarisan karakter orang tua kepada keturunannya
terjadi pada semua organisme hidup termasuk di dalamnya, tumbuhan, hewan,
bakteri, protista dan jamur.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Makhluk
hidup mewarisi sifat-sifat (traits) induknya. Sifat-sifat merupakan ciri-ciri
fisik dari organisme. Kita mirip dengan orang tua kita karena kita mewarisi
sifat-sifat mereka diantaranya warna rambut, warna kulit, bentuk hidung, tinggi
badan dan sifat-sifat lain dari kedua orangtua kita.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sel
adalah kesatuan dasar terkecil secara strukturan dan fungsional.
Struktur-struktur biokimia di dalam masing-masing yang membawa sifat-sifat dari
satu generasi ke generasi lainnya disebut gen. Secara kimiawi gen terbentuk
dari senyawa kimia yang disebut DNA (deoxyribunucleic acid). Gen membentuk
struktur yang lebih besar lagi yang disebut Kromosom.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
</span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>GREGOR
MENDEL (1822-1884) Studying The history of Mendel as a "Father of
Genetic" can understand what Mendel did. Mendel had demonstrated how
parents pass their heritable factor to offspring which retain their
individuality generation after generation. Mendel's work have changed the blending
theory which believed many scientist at that time.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="fullpost"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam
eksperimennya Mendel menggunakan tumbuhan kacang kapri sebagai obyek
penelitiannya. Mendel berhasil menentukan beberapa karakter dari kacang kapri.
Karakter-karakter yang digunakan Mendel dalam eksperimennya diantaranya adalah
bentuk dan warna biji, letak bunga, bentuk dan warna polong, warna bunga dan
ukuran batang.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="fullpost"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa alasan Mendel menggunakan
tumbuhan kacang kapri sebagai obyek eksperimennya diantaranya adalah:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="fullpost">1. Mudah ditumbuhkan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="fullpost">2. Mudah diperoleh dan varietasnya mudah dibedakan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="fullpost">3. Pengontrolan yang cukup ketat mudah dilakukan (misalkan
untuk membiarkan penyilangan sendiri cukup dengan menggunakan penutup plastik,
stamen yang masih muda mudah dihilangkan untuk mencegah persilangan sendiri).</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="fullpost"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendel memulai pekerjaan sampai dia
memperoleh tumbuhan galur murni (varietas yang selalu menghasilkan keturunan
yang sifatnya sama dengan induknya ketika dilakukan pembuahan
sendiri).Selanjutnya dia melakukan persilangan beberapa galur murni. Selanjutnya
Mendel melakukan pemodelan untuk menjelaskan hasil eksperimennya.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="fullpost">1. Tumbuhan induk yang disilangkan disebut sebagai
generasi Parental (P)</span><br />
<span class="fullpost">2. Keturnan hasil hibridisasi dari generasi P disebut
sebagai generasi Filial 1 (F1)</span><br />
<span class="fullpost">3. Mendel juga melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut tentang
keturunan dari hasil penyerbukan sendiri generasi F1, disebut sebagai generasi
F2.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="fullpost"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari percobaan Mendel tentang pemindahan
sifat-sifat pada beberapa generasi menghasilkan prinsip-prinsip Mendel tentang
hereditas yangdikenal sebagai Hukum Mendel, yaitu Hukum Segregasi dan Hukum
Pengelompokkan Secara Bebas</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B. EXPERIMEN
MENDEL<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="fullpost"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sebelum
Mendel memulai eksperimennya, langkah pertama yang dilakukan Mendel adalah
mengidentifikasi sifat-sifat dari kacang kapri yang bisa diwariskan. Selanjutnya
Mendel melakukan persilangan untuk mendapatkan Galur Murni (True-breeding) dari
setiap karakter yang telah diidentifikasi. Selain mengobservasi
karakter-karakter yang dimiliki kacang kapri Mendel pun mengamati struktur dan
cara perkawinan pada kacang kapri.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dikenal
juga sebagai hukum <i>segregasi</i>. Selama proses meiosis berlangsung,
pasangan-pasangan kromosom homolog saling berpisah dan tidak berpasangan lagi.
Setiap set kromosom itu terkandung di dalam satu sel gamet. Proses pemisahan
gen secara bebas itu dikenal sebagai segregasi gen. Dengan demikian setiap sel
gamet hanya mengandung satu gen dari alelnya. Pada waktu fertilisasi, sperma
yang jumlahnya banyak bersatu secara acak dengan ovum untuk membentuk individu
baru. Mengenai hukum </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://samudra-fox.blogspot.com/2009/02/59-gregor-mendel-1822-1884.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mendel</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> 1 ini dapat
Anda kaji dari persilangan monohibrida pada uraian verikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://samudra-fox.blogspot.com/2009/02/59-gregor-mendel-1822-1884.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mendel</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> melakukan
percobaan selama 12 tahun. Dia menyilangkan (mengawin silang) sejenis buncis
dengan memerhatikan satu sifat beda yang menyolok. Misalnya, buncis berbiji
bulat disilangkan dengan buncis berbiji keriput, buncis dengan biji warna
kuning disilangkan dengan biji warna hijau, buncis berbunga merah dengan bunga putih,
dan seterusnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk
memudahkan mempelajarinya, tiap-tiap persilangan diberi simbol. Pada saat
menyilangkan, tanaman induk diberi notasi P (singkatan dari <i>parental</i>=induk).
Keturunan 1 (keturunan pertama) yang dihasilkan disebut F1 (singkatan dari <i>filial</i>
= keturunan). Untuk mendapatkan keturunan 2 (F2) dilakukan persilangan antar
sesama F1. caranya, </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://samudra-fox.blogspot.com/2009/02/59-gregor-mendel-1822-1884.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mendel</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> menanam
tumbuhan F1 yang disilangkan dengan tumbuhan F1 yang lain.</span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 10.1pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 116.35pt;" width="155">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat Beda<br />
Induk=Parental (P)</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Banyaknya
Individu</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 56.95pt;" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perbandingan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">F1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">F2</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 116.35pt;" width="155">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Biji Bulat
X Keriput</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Semua
bulat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5474 bulat
: 1850 keriput</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 56.95pt;" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2,96 : 1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 116.35pt;" width="155">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Biji
Kuning X Hijau</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Semua
kuning</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6022
kuning : 2001 hijau</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 56.95pt;" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3,01 : 1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 116.35pt;" width="155">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bunga
Merah X Putih</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Semua
merah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">705 merah
: 224 putih</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 56.95pt;" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3,15 : 1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 116.35pt;" width="155">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Polong
Gembung X Kurus</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Semua
gembung</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">882
gembung : 299 kurus</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 56.95pt;" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3,95 : 1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 116.35pt;" width="155">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Polong
Hijau X Kuning</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Semua
hijau</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">428 hijau
: 152 kuning</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 56.95pt;" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2,82 : 1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 116.35pt;" width="155">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bunga
Aksial X Terminal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Semua
aksial</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">651 aksial
: 207 terminal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 56.95pt;" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3,14 : 1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 116.35pt;" width="155">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Batang
Panjang X Pendek</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Semua
panjang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">787
panjang : 277 pendek</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 56.95pt;" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2,84 : 1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C.
ANOMALIA MENDELISME</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a). Pola-pola Anomalia Mendel</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <br />
1. Persilangan 1 sifat beda (Bb x Bb) akan menghasilkan rasio fenotip: bulat :
kisut = 3 : 1<br />
2. Persilangan 2 sifat beda (BbTt x BbTt) akan menghasilkan rasio fenotip:
bulat tinggi : bulat.... pendek : kisut tinggi : kisut pendek 9 : 3 : 3 : 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.
Penelitian W. Bateson dan R.C Punnet menemukan: persilangan antara tanaman
kapri bunga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">... ungu
yang serbuk sarinya lonjong, dengan bunga kapri putih yang serbuk sarinya
bulat, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">....
dihasilkan rasio fenotip 9 : 6 : 1<br />
4. Karakter hibrid umumnya serupa dengan karakter parentalnya<br />
5. Temuan dari T.H Morgan,<br />
.....~ kromosom mengandung banyak gen,<br />
.....~ gen memiliki pekerjaan sendiri-sendiri untuk menumbuhkan sifat<br />
.....~ beberapa gen memiliki kemampuan berinteraksi atau dipengaruhi gen lain
untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">........
menumbuhkan sifat<br />
.....~ Interaksi antar gen menyebabkan rasio fenotip keturunannya menyimpang
dari aturan /</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">........
hukum mendell.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b). Jenis-jenis penyimpangan semu Hukum mendell<br />
<i>1. Atavisme Interaksi gen)<br />
</i></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atavisme adalah interaksi dari beberapa gen yang
menyebabkan munculnya suatu sifat yang berbeda dengan karakter induknya<br />
~ Atavisme pertama kali ditemukan oleh Bateson dan Punnet.<br />
~ ada empat macam bentuk pial/jengger ayam yaitu:<br />
~ Interaksi antar gen-gen yang menentukan bentuk dari pial (jengger ayam).<br />
~ hasil temuan: karakter pial/jengger ayam tidak hanya diatur oleh satu gen,
tetapi oleh dua gen yang berinteraksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwIX8els8kI/AAAAAAAABJE/bs5iX9pcd-A/s1600/Untitled.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwIX8els8kI/AAAAAAAABJE/bs5iX9pcd-A/s320/Untitled.jpg" border="0" height="110" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwIYo6kIXyI/AAAAAAAABJM/-FcgFhXpRF4/s1600/a1.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwIYo6kIXyI/AAAAAAAABJM/-FcgFhXpRF4/s320/a1.jpg" border="0" height="199" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image003.jpg" width="510" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">~ Penyimpangan yang terjadi pada atavisme adalah bukan
mengenai rasio fenotip F2, melainkan munculnya sifat baru pada pial ayam yaitu
walnut dan single<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Tipe jengger walnut merupakan hasil interaksi dari dua gen dominan yang
berdiri sendiri<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ tipe jengger single merupakan hasil interaksi dua gen resesif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Polimeri<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Polimeri merupakan bentuk
interaksi gen yang bersifat kumulatif (saling menambah).<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Polimeri terjadi akibat adanya
interaksi antara dua gen atau lebih, sehingga disebut juga gen ganda.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Atavisme pertama kali ditemukan oleh
Nielson ehle.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ peristiwa polimeri mirip dengan persilangan dihibrid dominan tidak penuh
(intermediat)<br />
~ hasil temuan: biji gandum berwarna merah disilangkan dengan gamdum berwarna
putih menghasilkan variasi warna warna gandum yang sangat beragam </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Diagram persilangan tanaman gandum<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJkweugnYI/AAAAAAAABJk/lP8DYN3uIbs/s1600/a1.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJkweugnYI/AAAAAAAABJk/lP8DYN3uIbs/s320/a1.jpg" border="0" height="247" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a><br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJkTOkX1qI/AAAAAAAABJc/piTWa4oj13c/s1600/a2.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJkTOkX1qI/AAAAAAAABJc/piTWa4oj13c/s320/a2.jpg" border="0" height="199" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image005.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan persilangan di atas,
terbentuknya gradasi warna biji gandum disebabkan banyak sedikitnya akumulasi
gen-gen dominan, sehingga rasio fenotip nya adalah Merah : putih = 15 : 1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>.<br />
<b><i>3. Kriptomeri<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></i></b><br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kriptomeri adalah peristiwa
dimana gen dominan yang karakternya akan muncul jika bersama-sama dengan gen
dominan lainnya. Jika gen dominan berdiri sendiri, maka karakternya akan
tersembunyi (kriptos)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ kriptomeri pertama kali ditemukan oleh Correns<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Interaksi antar gen-gen dominan akan menimbulkan karakter baru<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ hasil temuan: Hasil persilangan antara bunga Linnaria marocana merah dengan
putih<br />
...dihasilkan F1 seluruhnya berwarna ungu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diagram persilangan bunga <i>Linaria
marocana</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="16" width="23"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJlhEO2ASI/AAAAAAAABJs/8OwbPxUMM1s/s1600/a3.jpg"><img alt="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJlhEO2ASI/AAAAAAAABJs/8OwbPxUMM1s/s320/a3.jpg" border="0" height="185" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.jpg" width="322" /></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></i>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 309.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 309.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 309.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="10" width="23"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJl4dML6CI/AAAAAAAABJ0/RYJf0MN1D7Y/s1600/a4.jpg"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJl4dML6CI/AAAAAAAABJ0/RYJf0MN1D7Y/s320/a4.jpg" border="0" height="178" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image007.jpg" width="322" /></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 309.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 309.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 309.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 309.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 309.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan
persilangan di atas, sifat yang tersembunyi (warna ungu) muncul karena adanya
gen dominan yang berinteraksi, sehingga diperoleh perbandingan fenotip = ungu :
merah : putih = 9 : 3 : 4<br />
<br />
<b><i>4. Epistasis – hipostasis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></i></b><br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Interaksi beberapa gen, dimana
gen yang bersifat menutup disebut (epistasis) dan gen yang bersifat tertutupi
(hipostasis)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Epistasis - hipostasis pertama kali ditemukan oleh Nelson dan Ehle<br />
~ Interaksi gen bisa berupa gen-gen dominan (epistasis dominan), dan jika
interaksi terjadi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
antar gen-gen resesif (epistasis resesif)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ hasil temuan: Hasil persilangan warna kulit gandum hitam dengan warna kuning<br />
mengahasilkan warna kulit gandum pada F1 semunya hitam</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJpeiylcqI/AAAAAAAABJ8/kvwZPKJKbBY/s1600/a5.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJpeiylcqI/AAAAAAAABJ8/kvwZPKJKbBY/s320/a5.jpg" border="0" height="130" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagram
persilangan epistasis dominan pada tanaman labu<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJqhUDTrhI/AAAAAAAABKM/F60fpZHSpBw/s1600/a6.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJqhUDTrhI/AAAAAAAABKM/F60fpZHSpBw/s320/a6.jpg" border="0" height="281" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selain labu, peristiwa epistasis dominan juga terjadi
pada warna gandum. Berikut diagram persilangan epistasis dominan pada biji
gandum</span></div>
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<span style="height: 234px; margin-left: 72px; margin-top: 47px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 368px; z-index: 4;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJrOx_ph8I/AAAAAAAABKU/Tw_p-yoRSyw/s1600/a7.jpg"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJrOx_ph8I/AAAAAAAABKU/Tw_p-yoRSyw/s320/a7.jpg" border="0" height="234" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image011.jpg" width="368" /></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diagram persilangan epistasis
resesif pada warna bulu tikus<br />
</span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 3;"><span style="height: 240px; left: 2px; position: absolute; top: -284px; width: 322px;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJtrAc8kbI/AAAAAAAABKc/Jjk1Lyap8UA/s1600/A8.jpg"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJtrAc8kbI/AAAAAAAABKc/Jjk1Lyap8UA/s320/A8.jpg" border="0" height="240" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.jpg" width="322" /></a></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan
persilangan di atas, gen yang bersifat menutup disebut epistasis, sedangkan gen
yang bersifat tertutupi disebut hipostasis, sehingga perbandingan fenotip untuk
epistasis dominan = kulit hitam : kulit kuning : kulit putih = 12 : 3 : 1.
Sedangkan rasio fenotip untuk epistasis resesif adalah 9 : 3 : 4<br />
<b><i>5. Gen-gen komplementer</i></b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Merupakan
interaksi gen yang saling melengkapi. Jika satu gen tidak muncul, maka sifat
yang dimaksud juga tidak muncul atau tidak sempurna<br />
~ Gen-gen komplementer pertama kali ditemukan oleh W. bateson dan RC Punnet<br />
~ Pada bunga <i>lathyrus odoratus</i> terdapat dua gen yang saling berinteraksi
dalam memunculkan pigmen bunga<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Gen C : membentuk pigmen warna<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Gen c : tidak membentuk pigmen warna<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Gen P : membentuk enzim pengaktif<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Gen p : tidak membentuk enzim pengaktif<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan
karakter gen-gen tersebut, maka warna bunga hanya akan muncul jika kedua gen
(penghasil pigmen dan penghasil enzim) bertemu. Jika tidak bertemu maka warna
bunga yang terbentuk adalah putih</span></div>
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<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan hasil persilangan
di samping, rasio fenotip = ungu : putih = 9 : 7<br />
<b>6. Pautan</b></span></div>
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<span style="height: 282px; left: 0px; margin-left: 89px; margin-top: 197px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 322px; z-index: 6;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJyBMy9e8I/AAAAAAAABK8/cyTvlTHec2o/s1600/a12.jpg"><img alt="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwJyBMy9e8I/AAAAAAAABK8/cyTvlTHec2o/s320/a12.jpg" border="0" height="282" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image017.jpg" width="322" /></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">~ Pautan
adalah beberapa gen yang terletak dalam kromosom yang sama, saling berkait atau
berikatan, saat proses pembentukkan gamet, disebabkan gen-gen tersebut terletak
dalam kromosom yang sama<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><br />
~ Dikembangkan oleh : Morgan dan Sutton pada tanaman ercis bunga ungu pollen
lonjong (PPLL) yang disilangkan dengan bunga merah pollen bulat (ppll)<br />
~ Hasil temuannya pada F1 adalah bunga ungu pollen lonjong (PpLl)<br />
~ hasil temuan pada F2 ternyata dihasilkan rasio fenotip : ungu : merah = 3 : 1</span></div>
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</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwMz_bsfu_I/AAAAAAAABLM/gpXh_TG0KjE/s1600/a1.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwMz_bsfu_I/AAAAAAAABLM/gpXh_TG0KjE/s320/a1.jpg" border="0" height="206" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image018.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7. Pindah silang (Crossing over)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">~ proses pertukaran gen-gen antara kromatid-kromatid yang bukan pasangannya
pada sepasang kromosom homolog.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Tempat persilangan dua kromatid disebut chiasma, dan terjadi pada peristiwa
meiosis I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Dikembangkan oleh : Morgan pada tanaman ercis bunga ungu pollen lonjong
(PPLL) yang. ..disilangkan dengan bunga merah pollen bulat (ppll)<br />
~ Hasil temuannya pada F1 adalah bunga ungu pollen lonjong (PpLl)<br />
~ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hasil temuan pada F2 ternyata
dihasilkan rasio fenotip galur induk ( KP) dengan galur rekombinan (KR) yang
tidak sesuai dengan hukum mendell; Ungu lonjong : Ungu Bulat : merah lonjong :
merah bulat = 9 : 1 : 1 : 9</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwM1T2bkXWI/AAAAAAAABLc/2ZlDJP0t2vk/s1600/a3.jpg"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwM1T2bkXWI/AAAAAAAABLc/2ZlDJP0t2vk/s320/a3.jpg" border="0" height="96" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image020.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></b></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hasil Pindah
silang akan terbentuk:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Kombinasi Parental (KP)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
1.Kombinasi Rekombinan (RK)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gen yang berpautan tidak
selamanya terpaut. Pindah silang menyebabkan pergantian alel diantara kromosom
homolog, menghasilkan kombinasi yang tidak ditemukan pada induknya. Pindah
silang meningkatkan keragaman genetik selain yang dihasilkan oleh
pengelompokkan gen secara bebas.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketentuan:<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nilai pindah silang adalah
angka yang menunjukkan persentase kombinasi baru yang dihasilkan akibat
terjadinya pindah silang. Nilai pindah silang (satuan dalam %) sama dengan
jarak gen. Nilai pindah silang juga sama dengan nilai rekombinasi gen
berpautan. Pindah silang terjadi jika 50% <><br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada umumnya pindah silang
dijumpai pada makhluk betina maupun jantan. Namun pada ulat sutra (Bombyx mori)
betina tidak pernah terjadi pindah silang. Sementara itu, Drosophyla yang
jantan tidak mengalami pindah silang. </span></div>
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<span style="height: 348px; left: 0px; margin-left: 18px; margin-top: 52px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 496px; z-index: 7;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwPvwmOHDgI/AAAAAAAABLk/rUqOyLlx-Ac/s1600/a1.jpg"><img alt="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwPvwmOHDgI/AAAAAAAABLk/rUqOyLlx-Ac/s320/a1.jpg" border="0" height="348" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image022.jpg" width="496" /></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh soal
pindah silang:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
penyelesaian:<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwPwFtK9yJI/AAAAAAAABLs/XWahF4n8w8A/s1600/a2.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwPwFtK9yJI/AAAAAAAABLs/XWahF4n8w8A/s320/a2.jpg" border="0" height="267" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image023.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nilai pindah silang (NPS) sama
dengan nilai RK = 8 %, yaitu jumlah rekombinasi hasil pindah silang.
Perbandingan gamet yang terbentuk akibat adanya pindah silang PH : Ph : pH : ph
= 23 : 2 : 2 : 23</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwPzWHl9T5I/AAAAAAAABL0/wOTJPPVX_do/s1600/a3.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwPzWHl9T5I/AAAAAAAABL0/wOTJPPVX_do/s320/a3.jpg" border="0" height="144" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image024.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwPzn6UMrAI/AAAAAAAABL8/BWxFBAV73Wc/s1600/a4.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwPzn6UMrAI/AAAAAAAABL8/BWxFBAV73Wc/s320/a4.jpg" border="0" height="185" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image025.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh lain:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Misalkan,
dari seluruh populasi sel ada 20% sel mengalami pindah silang dan 80% lainnya
tidak mengalami pindah silang, maka kombinas parental yang diperoleh adalah:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
AB = 50% x 0,8 = 40 %<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Ab = 50% x 0,8 = 40 %<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Sementara rekombinan yang mungkin dihasilkan adalah :<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
AB = 25 % x 0,2 = 5 %<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Ab = 25 % x 0,2 = 5 %<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
aB = 25 % x 0,2 = 5 %<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Ab = 25 % x 0,2 = 5 %<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada sel tersebut frekuensi
kombinasi parentalnya, yaitu AB dan ab masing-masing 45% (40% + 5%) menjadi
keseluruhan 90%. Sementara itu, frekuensi rekombinan yang terbentuk adalah 10%.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Peristiwa pindah silang dari gen yang terpaut akan menghasilkan kombinasi
parental lebih dari 50%. Adapun rekombinannya dapat dipastikan dibawah 50%</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b>2. Determinasi seks</b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">~ Determinasi seks adalah penentuan jenis kelamin,
yang diwariskan secara bebas oleh gamet parentalnya kepada keturunannya dalam
peristiwa meiosis.<br />
~ Tokoh yang menyelidiki tentang determinasi seks adalah Henking (1891) dan Mc
Clung (1902)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Berdasarkan hasil penelitiannya diketahui bahwa setiap organisme memiliki
bentuk kromosom seks yang memiliki pola berbeda yaitu sistem <b>XY, XO dan ZW</b><br />
<b><i>a. Sistem XX – XY<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></i></b><br />
~ Sistem ini ditemukan pada tumbuhan, hewan dan manusia.<br />
~ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Genosom X berukuran lebih besar
dibandingkan genosom Y. XX merupakan betina, XY merupakan jantan.</span></div>
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<td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwP2oQr99MI/AAAAAAAABME/0_c6yJ5gmRE/s1600/a5.jpg"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwP2oQr99MI/AAAAAAAABME/0_c6yJ5gmRE/s320/a5.jpg" border="0" height="187" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image027.jpg" width="366" /></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b><i>b. Sistem XO - XX</i></b><br />
~ Sistem ini ditemukan pada serangga (belalang) dan orthoptera lainnya.<br />
~ Genotip XO adalah jantan<br />
~ Genotip XX adalah betina<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwP3NmXxPRI/AAAAAAAABMM/OWTtMVYIvk8/s1600/a6.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwP3NmXxPRI/AAAAAAAABMM/OWTtMVYIvk8/s320/a6.jpg" border="0" height="75" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image028.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b><i>c. Sistem ZZ - ZW</i></b><br />
~ Sistem ini ditemukan pada bangsa unggas, ikan dan kupu-kupu.<br />
~ Genotip ZZ adalah jantan<br />
~ Genotip ZW adalah betina<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwP3l4aMDlI/AAAAAAAABMU/F0Wq-1N5wfg/s1600/a7.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwP3l4aMDlI/AAAAAAAABMU/F0Wq-1N5wfg/s320/a7.jpg" border="0" height="82" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image029.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Sistem Haploid - diploid (Ploidi)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
~ Sistem ini penentuan jenis kelamin tidak ditentukan oleh kromosom seks,
melainkan kromosom tubuh (autosom). <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Ditemukan pada bangsa kelompok semut dan rayap.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Betina berkembang dari sel telur yang dibuahi sehingga diploid<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Jantan berkembang dari sel telur yang tidak dibuahi, sehingga haploid</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwP3_KzC4AI/AAAAAAAABMc/T0voDZdH5jg/s1600/a8.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwP3_KzC4AI/AAAAAAAABMc/T0voDZdH5jg/s320/a8.jpg" border="0" height="69" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image030.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="height: 188px; left: 0px; margin-left: 88px; margin-top: 225px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 360px; z-index: 9;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwP9AM8cljI/AAAAAAAABMs/HO9gMIir9cU/s1600/a9.jpg"><img alt="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwP9AM8cljI/AAAAAAAABMs/HO9gMIir9cU/s320/a9.jpg" border="0" height="188" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image032.jpg" width="360" /></a></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pautan Seks
(Sex linkage)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
~ Pautan seks adalah gen yang terletak pada genosom atau kromosom seks.<br />
~ Kromosom seks adalah kromosom yang bukan menentukan sifat, tapi menentukan
jenis kelamin.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Dalam keadaan normal kromosom seks tidak mengandung gen / sifat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ gen yang terdapat pada kromosom seks disebut pautan seks<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ pautan seks ditemukan oleh Morgan dengan menggunakan hewan <i>Drosophyla
melanogaster</i> (lalat buah)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">M : Alel untuk sifat mata merah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
m : alel untuk sifat mata putih<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Rasio Genotip F1:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
XMXM : XMXm : XMY : XmY<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Rasio Fenotip F1:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Betina Mata merah : jantan mata merah : jantan mata putih = 2 : 1 : 1<br />
~ kesimpulan : gen warna mata merah terpaut pada kromosom X</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Gen letal<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
~ Gen letal adalah gen yang dalam keadaan homozigot, menyebabkan kematian pada
individunya.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Gen letal menyebabkan kematian pada individu masih embrio atau setelah lahir.
Gen letal yang menyebabkan kematian saat individu menjelang dewasa disebut gen
sub letal.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ berdasarkan sifat dan pengaruhnya, gen letal dapat dibedakan atas gen letal
dominan dan gen letal resesif<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
<br />
<i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gen letal Dominan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></i><br />
~ Gen letal dominan menyebabkan kematian pada keadaan homozigot dominan. Pada keadaan
heterozigot, umumnya penderita hanya mengalami kelainan<br />
~ Contoh gen letal dominan adalah pada ayam redep. Ayam redep adalah ayam yang
memiliki kaki dan sayap pendek.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Dalam keadaan homozigot dominan, ayam mati. Jika heterozigot, ayam hidup
tetapi memiliki kelainan pada kaki dan sayap pendek. Sedangkan homozigot
resesif ayam normal</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">fenotip
Letal : redep : normal = 1 : 2 : 1<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rasio perbandingan tersebut
menyimpang dari rasio perkawinan monohibrid<br />
<b>4. Gen letal resesif</b><br />
~ Gen letal resesif menyebabkan kematian jika berada dalam keadaan homozigot
resesif. Pada keadaan heterozigot individu normal tetapi pembawa (carier) gen
letal<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwUP3IU9W2I/AAAAAAAABNE/T20HrHnRBuI/s1600/a1.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwUP3IU9W2I/AAAAAAAABNE/T20HrHnRBuI/s320/a1.jpg" border="0" height="165" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image035.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
D. Pola-pola Pewarisan sifat pada manusia<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cacat dan Penyakit Menurun
yang terpaut kromosom seks<br />
1. Peta Silsilah (Pedigree)</span></div>
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</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peta
silsilah (pedigree) dibuat untuk mengetahui pewarisan penyakit pada suatu
keluarga <br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cacat dan penyakit menurun
yang terpaut kromosom seks<br />
<b>a. Hemofilia<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b><br />
~ Hemofilia adalah penyakit keturunan yang mengakibatkan darah seseorang sukar
membeku<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ penderita hemofilia jika terluka darahnya akan membeku sekitar 50 mnt – 2
jam, hal ini akan mengakibatkan penderita mengalami kehilangan banyak darah dan
dapat menimbulkan kematian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Penyakit ini dikendalikan oleh gen resesif (h) yang terpaut kromosom X<br />
~ Contoh silsilah penyakit hemofilia adalah pada keluarga kerajaan Eropa. Ratu <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Victoria dari Inggris menderita hemofilia.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Genotip wanita hemofilia:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
HH = XHXH = Homozigot dominan = normal<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Hh = XHXh = heterozigot = carier = pembawa sifat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Hh = XhXh = homozigot resesif = penderita hemofilia<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ genotip laki-laki hemofilia:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
XHY = laki-laki normal<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
XhY = laki-laki hemofilia<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Buta warna<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
~ Buta warna adalah penyakit keturunan yang menyebabkan seseorang tidak bisa
membedakan warna merah dengan biru, atau kuning dengan hijau<br />
~ Disebabkan oleh gen resesif cb (color blind)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ gen buta warna terpaut pada kromosom X<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ genotip buta warna adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan
tabel di atas terlihat bahwa laki-laki tidak ada yang carier atau pembawa<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwUXaKeRMII/AAAAAAAABN8/p48vkwpCDtM/s1600/a8.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwUXaKeRMII/AAAAAAAABN8/p48vkwpCDtM/s320/a8.jpg" border="0" height="199" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image047.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<span style="height: 161px; margin-left: 28px; margin-top: 52px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 322px; z-index: 18;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwUYGUdISrI/AAAAAAAABOM/wGnyJIGnqrs/s1600/a11.jpg"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwUYGUdISrI/AAAAAAAABOM/wGnyJIGnqrs/s320/a11.jpg" border="0" height="161" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image049.jpg" width="322" /></a></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 17;"><span style="height: 206px; left: 113px; position: absolute; top: -214px; width: 322px;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwUXu3vmd0I/AAAAAAAABOE/4y8fL_cJkHM/s1600/a9.jpg"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwUXu3vmd0I/AAAAAAAABOE/4y8fL_cJkHM/s320/a9.jpg" border="0" height="206" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image050.jpg" width="322" /></a></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh soal</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anodontia<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
~ Adalah kelainan yang dibawa oleh kromosom X dan muncul dalam keadaan resesif.<br />
~ kelainan ini menyebabkan penderita tidak memiliki gigi (ompong)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZoj5xrF0I/AAAAAAAABOU/G5ber0ebYhk/s1600/a1.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZoj5xrF0I/AAAAAAAABOU/G5ber0ebYhk/s320/a1.jpg" border="0" height="96" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image051.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZpAw0AcGI/AAAAAAAABOc/VO87_NxHSF0/s1600/a2.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZpAw0AcGI/AAAAAAAABOc/VO87_NxHSF0/s320/a2.jpg" border="0" height="110" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image052.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Hypertrichosis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
~ Hypertrichosis merupakan sifat keturunan berupa tumbuhnya rambut di bagian
tertentu dari daun telinga, wajah dan anggota tubuh lainnya.<br />
~ penyebab adalah gen-gen resesif (h) yang terpaut pada kromosom Y<br />
~ penyakit ini hanya dimiliki oleh laki-laki</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZpWl_eesI/AAAAAAAABOk/Wskcfs2jHTs/s1600/a3.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZpWl_eesI/AAAAAAAABOk/Wskcfs2jHTs/s320/a3.jpg" border="0" height="233" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image053.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZppHEZwhI/AAAAAAAABOs/40D5VRVoAfs/s1600/a4.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZppHEZwhI/AAAAAAAABOs/40D5VRVoAfs/s320/a4.jpg" border="0" height="213" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image054.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Cacat
dan penyakit menurun yang terpaut kromosom autosom</b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Albino<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
~ merupakan kelainan yang disebabkan tubuh seseorang tidak mampu memproduksi
pigmen melanin, sehingga rambut dan badanya putih<br />
~ Cacat albino memiliki penglihatan yang peka terhadap cahaya, disebabkan
irisnya tidak memiliki pigmen<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Disebabkan oleh gen resesif a<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ orang normal memiliki genotip Aa atau AA, sedangkan orang albino genotipnya
aa</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZ2_otkCqI/AAAAAAAABO0/rVhU7e9g1Hc/s1600/a6.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZ2_otkCqI/AAAAAAAABO0/rVhU7e9g1Hc/s320/a6.jpg" border="0" height="199" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image055.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selain manusia, albino juga terdapat
pada tumbuhan (jagung), dan hewan (tikus, ular, kelelawar dll)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZ3uE1QpRI/AAAAAAAABO8/fCyeDZXozck/s1600/a7.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZ3uE1QpRI/AAAAAAAABO8/fCyeDZXozck/s320/a7.jpg" border="0" height="103" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image056.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZ43oF6kSI/AAAAAAAABPE/6x9e0uy9PUM/s1600/a8.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZ43oF6kSI/AAAAAAAABPE/6x9e0uy9PUM/s320/a8.jpg" border="0" height="295" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image057.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Polidaktili<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
~ merupakan kelainan berupa kelebihan jumlah jari tangan dan kaki<br />
~ cacat menurun ini diwariskan gen autosom dominan P, sedangkan gen p untuk
normal<br />
~ orang normal memiliki genotip pp sedangkan orang polidaktili genotipnya PP
atau P<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZ6N6owtGI/AAAAAAAABPM/6iWFO2s492k/s1600/a9.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZ6N6owtGI/AAAAAAAABPM/6iWFO2s492k/s320/a9.jpg" border="0" height="178" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image058.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Fenilketouria<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
~ Merupakan kelainan pada manusia dimana tidak mampu melakukan metabolisme
fenilalanin, sehingga kadar fenilalanin tertimbun di darah dan di buang melalui
ginjal.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Fenilalanin merupakan asam amino esensial yang didatangkan dari luar tubuh<br />
~ Orang penderita fenilketouria mengalami keterbelakangan mental dan IQ rendah<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaU0qeRq-I/AAAAAAAABQ0/LsbLvn8x74U/s1600/a22.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaU0qeRq-I/AAAAAAAABQ0/LsbLvn8x74U/s320/a22.jpg" border="0" height="267" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image059.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="height: 249px; margin-left: 61px; margin-top: 258px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 411px; z-index: 19;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaP5z-MvXI/AAAAAAAABPs/umhjAfu1728/s1600/a13.jpg"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaP5z-MvXI/AAAAAAAABPs/umhjAfu1728/s320/a13.jpg" border="0" height="249" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image061.jpg" width="411" /></a></span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZ7baiWh0I/AAAAAAAABPU/AR5-dJpN-bg/s1600/a11.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZ7baiWh0I/AAAAAAAABPU/AR5-dJpN-bg/s320/a11.jpg" border="0" height="274" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image062.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwZ8IS3GEfI/AAAAAAAABPk/s4-cT0pbgWc/s1600/a12.jpg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b>d. Brachidaktili</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">~ Merupakan kelainan pada ruas-ruas jari yang memendek
pada manusia.<br />
~ kelainan ini disebabkan oleh gen dominan B yang bersifat letal jika dalam
keadaan homozigot dominan (BB).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Dalam keadaan Bb, individu menderita kelainan brachidaktili, sedangkan
genotip bb individu dalam keadaan normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaQvMBHV7I/AAAAAAAABP0/vnGM2l82Bp4/s1600/a14.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaQvMBHV7I/AAAAAAAABP0/vnGM2l82Bp4/s320/a14.jpg" border="0" height="247" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image063.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #3333ff; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Thalasemia<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
~ Merupakan kelainan genetik (penyakit genetik) yang disebabkan rendahnya
kemampuan pembentukkan hemoglobin, terjadi karena gangguan salah satu rantai
globin.<br />
~ Thalasemia menyebabkan kemampuan eritrosit dalam mengangkut oksigen rendah
(anemia)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Thalasemia dibedakan menjadi thalasemia mayor dan thalasemia minor.
Thalasemia mayor ThTh biasanya menyebabkan kematian, sedangkan thalasemia minor
tidak terlalu parah</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="6" width="11"><br /></td>
<td width="179"><br /></td>
<td width="45"><br /></td>
<td width="250"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="225"><br /></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaRKCoBdiI/AAAAAAAABP8/Db7kHfOwLPs/s1600/a15.jpg"><img alt="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaRKCoBdiI/AAAAAAAABP8/Db7kHfOwLPs/s320/a15.jpg" border="0" height="236" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image066.jpg" width="179" /></a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaR_gWNh3I/AAAAAAAABQU/lCKSOE-zrFw/s1600/a18.jpg"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaR_gWNh3I/AAAAAAAABQU/lCKSOE-zrFw/s320/a18.jpg" border="0" height="225" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image067.jpg" width="250" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="11"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagram perkawinan Thalasemia:<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaRdnSpkZI/AAAAAAAABQE/ZBQxWYE1oxU/s1600/a16.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaRdnSpkZI/AAAAAAAABQE/ZBQxWYE1oxU/s320/a16.jpg" border="0" height="192" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image068.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaRteD4mLI/AAAAAAAABQM/eaFqUtzUj_E/s1600/a17.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaRteD4mLI/AAAAAAAABQM/eaFqUtzUj_E/s320/a17.jpg" border="0" height="322" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image069.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. Dentinogenesis Imperfecta</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">~ Merupakan
kelainan pada gigi manusia yang menyebabkan tulang gigi (dentin) berwarna
seperti air susu<br />
~ Kelainan ini disebabkan oleh gen dominan Dt, sedangkan keadaan normal diatur
oleh gen dt<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaTn9pWSAI/AAAAAAAABQc/ONsWf5IOL7U/s1600/a19.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaTn9pWSAI/AAAAAAAABQc/ONsWf5IOL7U/s320/a19.jpg" border="0" height="110" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image070.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaT9ZY8sqI/AAAAAAAABQk/Zlol9z7pkDc/s1600/a20.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaT9ZY8sqI/AAAAAAAABQk/Zlol9z7pkDc/s320/a20.jpg" border="0" height="96" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image071.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaUUJeXE0I/AAAAAAAABQs/SgMGDMSFDZY/s1600/a21.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaUUJeXE0I/AAAAAAAABQs/SgMGDMSFDZY/s320/a21.jpg" border="0" height="96" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image072.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f. kebotakan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
~ Gen-gen yang menyebabkan kebotakan pada manusia<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Kelainan ini disebabkan oleh gen dominan B dan gen b yang menyebabkan rambut
normal<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Genotip BB orang yang botak, Bb ekspresinya berbeda pada laki-laki dan
perempuan. Pada laki-laki ekspresinya botak, sedangkan pada perempuan tidak
karena hormon estrogen yang dimiliki perempuan menutup sifat kebotakan tersebut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaVpsupnvI/AAAAAAAABQ8/Rx8j7f7vFZA/s1600/a23.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaVpsupnvI/AAAAAAAABQ8/Rx8j7f7vFZA/s320/a23.jpg" border="0" height="233" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image073.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaV5YBKuNI/AAAAAAAABRE/6Ajhab0Sa9c/s1600/a24.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaV5YBKuNI/AAAAAAAABRE/6Ajhab0Sa9c/s320/a24.jpg" border="0" height="206" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image074.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaWITMXNmI/AAAAAAAABRM/Kx1T_Y30UC8/s1600/a25.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaWITMXNmI/AAAAAAAABRM/Kx1T_Y30UC8/s320/a25.jpg" border="0" height="322" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image075.jpg" width="274" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">g. Anonychia<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
~ Anonychia adalah kelainan pada sebagian jari, sehingga tidak terdapat kuku.<br />
~ Disebabkan oleh gen dominan Ac, sedangkan alelnya ac tidak menimbulkan
kelainan (nornal)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaXYsQRNzI/AAAAAAAABRU/zaLKcHHQEsk/s1600/a27.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaXYsQRNzI/AAAAAAAABRU/zaLKcHHQEsk/s320/a27.jpg" border="0" height="185" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image076.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaX3O6Pc_I/AAAAAAAABRc/fm87NdgzI7k/s1600/a29.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaX3O6Pc_I/AAAAAAAABRc/fm87NdgzI7k/s320/a29.jpg" border="0" height="274" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image077.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #000099; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">h. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Golongan darah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Golongan darah merupakan merupakan salah satu karakter yang diwariskan pada
manusia.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
~ Terdapat 3 jenis sistem penggolongan darah pada manusia yaitu sistem ABO,
sistem MN dan sistem ABO</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaYwIl3wAI/AAAAAAAABRk/FbDFOWqkLIw/s1600/a30.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaYwIl3wAI/AAAAAAAABRk/FbDFOWqkLIw/s320/a30.jpg" border="0" height="96" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image078.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaY9LcFtZI/AAAAAAAABRs/7svBEOQ4uc0/s1600/a31.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaY9LcFtZI/AAAAAAAABRs/7svBEOQ4uc0/s320/a31.jpg" border="0" height="110" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image079.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaZN4jzokI/AAAAAAAABR0/AeM6Flm2FrQ/s1600/a33.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaZN4jzokI/AAAAAAAABR0/AeM6Flm2FrQ/s320/a33.jpg" border="0" height="192" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image080.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaZmSOihiI/AAAAAAAABR8/TMdU_A7UlPE/s1600/a34.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaZmSOihiI/AAAAAAAABR8/TMdU_A7UlPE/s320/a34.jpg" border="0" height="144" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image081.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
</span><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #339999; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Golongan
darah tipe MN</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaaZ5xfqyI/AAAAAAAABSE/f0Z7t_rC6Xs/s1600/a37.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwaaZ5xfqyI/AAAAAAAABSE/f0Z7t_rC6Xs/s320/a37.jpg" border="0" height="103" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image082.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/Swaa06ZV8SI/AAAAAAAABSM/CECbq7YLmWQ/s1600/a38.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/Swaa06ZV8SI/AAAAAAAABSM/CECbq7YLmWQ/s320/a38.jpg" border="0" height="158" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image083.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<span style="color: #006600;">Sistem rhesus</span><br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwabMMNXpzI/AAAAAAAABSU/XMy2Z-wRjks/s1600/a39.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwabMMNXpzI/AAAAAAAABSU/XMy2Z-wRjks/s320/a39.jpg" border="0" height="82" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image084.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b>i. Sicle cell anemia</b><br />
~ Penyakit menurun yang disebabkan bentuk eritrosit seperti bulan sabit,
sehingga afinitasnya terhadap oksigen sangat rendah<br />
~ kelainan ini disebabkan oleh gen dominan S, dan alelnya gen s untuk sifat
normal<br />
~ dalam keadaan homozigot dominan SS bersifat lethal.<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwablCVDVSI/AAAAAAAABSc/A6-fdSQan-s/s1600/a40.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwablCVDVSI/AAAAAAAABSc/A6-fdSQan-s/s320/a40.jpg" border="0" height="267" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image085.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/Swab1hO0EeI/AAAAAAAABSk/D1Kufrd2mH0/s1600/a41.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/Swab1hO0EeI/AAAAAAAABSk/D1Kufrd2mH0/s320/a41.jpg" border="0" height="247" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image086.jpg" width="322" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwacNZxN1uI/AAAAAAAABSs/2XbI-uQgI7k/s1600/a45.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwacNZxN1uI/AAAAAAAABSs/2XbI-uQgI7k/s320/a45.jpg" border="0" height="322" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image087.jpg" width="274" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">j.Latihan
Soal <br />
1. Tanaman ercis memiliki sifat biji bulat (B), biji keriput (b), batang tinggi
(R) dan batang pendek (r). Jika tanaman ercis biji bulat batang tinggi
heterozigot disilangkan dengan ercis biji bulat (heterozygot) batang pendek,
keturunan yang bersifat biji bulat batang pendek adalah sebanyak ..... (2009)<br />
A. 6,25%<br />
B. 12,5%<br />
C. 37,5%<br />
D. 42,5%<br />
E. 50%<br />
<br />
2. Pada penyilangan bunga Linaria marocana bunga merah (AAbb) dengan bunga
putih (aaBB) menghasilkan bunga ungu (AaBb). Apabila F1 disilangkan dengan
bunga merah (Aabb), berapakah ratio fenotip F2-nya antara ungu:putih:merah?
(2008)<br />
A. 3:2:3<br />
B. 6:2:8<br />
C. 9:3:4<br />
D. 9:4:3<br />
E. 12:3:1<br />
<br />
3. Seorang peneliti menyilangkan galur murni kacang kapri berbiji bulat warna
kuning (BBKK) dan biji keriput warna hijau (bbkk). Persilangan dilakukan sampai
mendapat keturunan F2 yang menghasilkan biji sejumlah 3.200 buah. Secara
berurutan, jumlah biji bulat warna kuning dan biji keriput warna hijau adalah
….. (2008)<br />
A. 200 dan 600<br />
B. 200 dan 1.200<br />
C. 200 dan 1.800<br />
D. 600 dan 200<br />
E. 1.800 dan 200<br />
<br />
4. Gen-gen di bawah ini menyatakan bulu yang diwarisi oleh beberapa hewan.<br />
Gen A bulu keriting (dominan)<br />
Gen a bulu lurus (resesif)<br />
Gen B bulu hitam (dominan)<br />
Gen b bulu putih (resesif)<br />
Hewan yang mewarisi gen AaBb akan memiliki fenotip … (2007)<br />
A. hitam lurus<br />
B. hitam keriting<br />
C. putih halus<br />
D. putih keriting<br />
E. abu-abu ikal<br />
<br />
5. Gen A (daun berklorofil), gen a (daun tidak berklorofil), gen B (batang
tinggi) dan gen b (batang pendek). Jika genotip aa bersifat letal, maka hasil
persilangan AaBb dengan Aabb akan diperoleh perbandingan fenotip ... (2007)<br />
A. Hijau tinggi : hijau pendek = 1 : 1<br />
B. Hijau tinggi : hijau pendek = 3 : 1<br />
C. Htjau tinggi : putih pendek = 1 : 1<br />
D. Hijau tinggi : putih pendek = 2 : 1<br />
E. Putih tinggi : hijau pendek = 3 : 1<br />
<br />
6. Penyilangan bunga Linaria marocana AAbb (merah) dengan aaBB (putih), F1 AaBb
(Ungu), F2 terjadi kombinasi fenotip dengan perbandingan: (2007)<br />
A. Ungu : Merah : Putih = 12 : 3 : 1<br />
B. Ungu : Merah : Putih = 1 : 1 : 1<br />
C. Merah : Putih = 9 : 7<br />
D. Ungu : Putih = 9 : 7<br />
E. Ungu : Merah : Putih = 9 : 3 : 4<br />
<br />
7. Sistem Penentuan jenis kelamin pada belalang yaitu ... (2007)<br />
A. XY<br />
B. XO<br />
C. XX<br />
D. ZW<br />
E. ZZ<br />
<br />
8. Jika nomor 1 golongan darah A (IAIO) maka nomor 2 mempunyai genotip ...
(2007)<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwlIfYA-HbI/AAAAAAAABT0/mYe0buggV2Q/s1600/a1.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwlIfYA-HbI/AAAAAAAABT0/mYe0buggV2Q/s320/a1.jpg" border="0" height="110" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image088.jpg" width="233" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
A. IOIO<br />
B. IBIO<br />
C. IAIO<br />
D. IAIA<br />
E. IBIB<br />
<br />
9. Seorang laki-laki normal menikahi wanita normal yang ayahnya hemofilia.
Kemungkinan anak laki-laki mereka yang hemofilia adalah ... (2007)<br />
A. 0%<br />
B. 12,5%<br />
C. 25%<br />
D. 50%<br />
E. 75%<br />
<br />
10. Perkawinan antar sepupu (satu silsilah dekat) tidak baik secara genetik
karena … (2007)<br />
A. sering terjadi pertengkaran<br />
B. muncurnya sifat yang sama dalam keluarga<br />
C. terjadinya perebutan warisan<br />
D. susah mendapat keturunan<br />
E. munculnya keturunan yang abnormal<br />
<br />
11. Sepasang suami istri harus ke rumah sakit untuk memperoleh penanganan
khusus pada kehamilan anaknya yang kedua, sehubungan dengan golongan darah yang
dimiliki mereka. Faktor yang mungkin mengganggu keselamatan kelahiran anak
tersebut adalah ... (2006)<br />
A. thalasemia<br />
B. siklemia<br />
C. haemofilia<br />
D. aglutinogen<br />
E. factor rhesus<br />
<br />
12. Peta silsilah di bawah ini mengenai sifat buta warna yang terpaut kromosom
X, jika C untuk penglihatan normal dan c untuk buta warna. Orang yang mempunyai
genetik Cc adalah ... (2006)<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwlJ7POX0HI/AAAAAAAABT8/oDtbS0pnGLQ/s1600/a2.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwlJ7POX0HI/AAAAAAAABT8/oDtbS0pnGLQ/s320/a2.jpg" border="0" height="219" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image089.jpg" width="192" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
A. 6<br />
B. 5<br />
C. 4<br />
D. 3.<br />
E. 2<br />
<br />
13. Jika individu bergenotif AaBbCcDd gen C dan D bertautan, maka macam gamet
yang terbentuk adalah … (2006)<br />
A. 4<br />
B. 6<br />
C. 8<br />
D. 12<br />
E. 16<br />
<br />
14. Manakah pernyataan berikut yang tidak tepat? (2005)<br />
A. semua sifat ditentukan oleh satu gen<br />
B. satu gen mengatur satu sifat<br />
C. batas-batas antar gen tidak dapat ditentukan secara pasti<br />
D. jika gen berubah, berubah pula sifat makhluk hidup<br />
E. gen diwariskan<br />
<br />
15. Kelinci memiliki jumlah kromosom 44, maka kariotip kromosom pada sel hati
kelinci betina adaiah .... (2005)<br />
A. 44 AA<br />
B. 44A + XY<br />
C. 22AA + XX<br />
D. 22A + XX<br />
E. 44AA + XX<br />
<br />
16. Gamet yang dibentuk oleh genotip AaBb dimana gen A dan B berpautan adalah
... (2005)<br />
A. AB, Ab, aB, ab<br />
B. AB, Ab<br />
C. AB, aB<br />
D. AB, ab<br />
E. AA, BB, aa, bb<br />
<br />
17. Bunga warna merah homozigot dominan terhadap bunga warna putih. Apabila
bunga warna merah heterozigot disilangkan dengan sesamanya, diperoleh keturunan
berjumlah 36 batang. Berapa batangkah yang berbunga merah? (2005)<br />
A. 9 batang<br />
B. 18 batang<br />
C. 27 batang<br />
D. 30 batang<br />
E. 35 batang<br />
<br />
17. Gandum berkulit hitam (Hhkk) disilangkan dengan gandum berkulit kuning
(hhKk), hitam epistasis terhadap kuning maka keturunannya ... (2005)<br />
A. hitam semua<br />
B. kuning semua<br />
C. 50% hitam, 50% kuning<br />
D. 50% hitam, 25% kuning, 25% putih<br />
E. 25% hitam, 50% kuning, 25% putih<br />
<br />
18. Dari pembastaran antara genotip Bb dengan Bb dimana gen b bersifat lethal,
keturunan yangdiharapkan hidup adalah ... (2005)<br />
A. 25%<br />
B. 40%<br />
C. 50%<br />
D. 60%<br />
E. 75%<br />
<br />
19. Apabila suami isteri memiliki golongan darah A, maka kemungkinan golongan
darah anak-anaknya adalah … (2005)<br />
A. A dan O<br />
B. AB<br />
C. A<br />
D. O<br />
E. B dan O<br />
<br />
20. Pada Drosophila melanogaster, tubuh kelabu sayap panjang dominan terhadap
tubuh hitam sayap pendek.<br />
Dalam suatu eksperimen diperoleh keturunan sebagai berikut:<br />
Tubuh kelabu sayap pendek 944<br />
Tubuh hitam sayap panjang 965<br />
Tubuh hitam sayap pendek 185<br />
Tubuh kelabu sayap panjang 206<br />
Maka nilai pindah silangnya ... (2005)<br />
A. 17%<br />
B. 41%<br />
C. 42%<br />
D. 58%<br />
E. 83%<br />
<br />
21. Pada Drosophila melanogester normal, tubuh warna kelabu, sayap panjang
dominan terhadap warna tubuh hitam, sayap pendek. Dalam suatu eksperimen,
diperoleh keturunan sebagai berikut :<br />
• Tubuh kelabu, sayap panjang 206<br />
• Tubuh hitam, sayap pendek 185<br />
• Tubuh hitam, sayap panjang 965<br />
• Tubuh kelabu, sayap pendek 944<br />
Maka nilai pindah silangnya adalah … (2004)<br />
A. 17 %<br />
B. 41 %<br />
C. 42 %<br />
D. 58 %<br />
E. 83 %<br />
<br />
22. Warna bulu pada kelinci ditentukan oleh alela anda dengan urutan dominasi C
> Cch > cH > c, dimana :<br />
C = kelabu cH = himalaya<br />
Cch = chincila c = albino<br />
Perkawinan kelinci kelabu Cc dengan Ccch akan menghasilkan keturunan … (2004)<br />
A. kelabu : chincila : albino = 1 : 2 : 1<br />
B. kelabu : chincila : albino = 1 : 1 : 2<br />
C. kelabu : chincila : albino = 2 : 1 : 1<br />
D. kelabu: albino = 3 : 1<br />
E. kelabu : chincila = 3 : 1<br />
<br />
23. Apabila terjadi perkawinan antara parental bergolongan darah A heterozigot
dengan B heterozigot, maka kemungkinan golongan darah anak-anaknya adalah …
(2004)<br />
A. A dan B<br />
B. A dan AB<br />
C. AB dan O<br />
D. A, B, AB dan O<br />
E. B dan AB<br />
<br />
24. Di bawah ini merupakan pernyataan yang benar dari peristiwa suatu
persilangan, yaitu … (2003)<br />
A. filial terbentuk setelah terjadinya peleburan genotip<br />
B. genotip dibentuk oleh susunan gen yang sifatnya sama<br />
C. gamet muncul dengan memperhatikan fenotip yang ada<br />
D. setiap genotip yang terbentuk akan memberikan fenotip yang sama<br />
E. fenotip merupakan sifat tampak dengan menerjemahkan genotip yang ada<br />
<br />
25. Bila bunga Mirabillis jalapa merah muda (Mm) disilangkan dengan putih (mm)
akan menghasilkan keturunan … (2003)<br />
A. merah semua<br />
B. merah muda : putih = 2 : 1<br />
C. merah muda : putih = 1 : 1<br />
D. merah muda : putih = 1 : 3<br />
E. merah muda : putih = 3 : 1<br />
<br />
26. Wanita normal yang ayahnya buta warna menikah dengan pria normal.
Kemungkinannya akan lahir laki-laki buta warna adalah … (2003)<br />
A. 12,5 %<br />
B. 25 %<br />
C. 50 %<br />
D. 75 %<br />
E. 100 %<br />
<br />
26. Hal-hal berikut ini merupakan upaya menghindari penyakit menurun, kecuali …
(2003)<br />
A. perlunya memahami hukum hereditas<br />
B. mengenal secara baik calon yang akan dijadikan pasangan hidup<br />
C. menghindari perkawinan antara sesama keluarga yang masih dekat hubungan
darahnya<br />
D. menghindari aktivitas donor darah pada saat produktif<br />
F. memelihara kesehatan badan dan mental<br />
<br />
27. Perhatikan peta silsilah keluarga berikut !<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwlNl1FkaRI/AAAAAAAABUE/3o3X_KFVKec/s1600/a3.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwlNl1FkaRI/AAAAAAAABUE/3o3X_KFVKec/s320/a3.jpg" border="0" height="171" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image090.jpg" width="226" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Berdasarkan peta silsilah tersebut, kemungkinan genotip ibunya adalah … (2003)<br />
A. IBIB, XBXB<br />
B. IBIB, XBXb<br />
C. IBIO, XbXb<br />
D. IBIO, XBXb<br />
E. IBIO, XBXB<br />
<br />
28. Kuning dalam keadaan homozigot letal (KK), perkawinan tikus jantan berbulu
kuning (Kk) dengan tikus betina berbulu kuning (Kk) mempunyai 60 anak yang
semuanya sudah beranjak dewasa. Kemungkinan sifat genotip dari ke-60 anak tikus
tersebut adalah … (2002)<br />
A. kk<br />
B. Kk<br />
C. KK<br />
D. Kk dan Kk<br />
E. Kk, Kk dan KK<br />
<br />
29. Warna bulu pada kelinci ditentukan oleh alela ganda dengan urutan dominasi
C > cch > CH > c.<br />
C = kelabu cH = himalaya<br />
cch = Chincila c = kelabu<br />
Warna bulu pada kelinci kelabu Cc dengan Cc<br />
CH akan menghasilkan keturunan … (2002)<br />
A. kelabu : chincila : albino = 1 : 2 : 1<br />
B. kelabu : chincila : albino = 1 : 2 : 1<br />
C. kelabu : chincila : albino = 1 : 2 : 1<br />
D. chincila : albino = 2 : 2<br />
E. chincila : albino = 3 : 1<br />
<br />
30. Seorang murid menderita penyakit keturunan. Murid tersebut memiliki
silsilah keluaraga sebagai berikut :<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwlPnS_M7cI/AAAAAAAABUM/fezAiq3v1U8/s1600/a4.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwlPnS_M7cI/AAAAAAAABUM/fezAiq3v1U8/s320/a4.jpg" border="0" height="110" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image091.jpg" width="192" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Berdasarkan gambar silsilah, penyakit tersebut<br />
disebabkan oleh … (2002)<br />
A. gen resesif pada autosom<br />
B. gen dominan pada autosom<br />
C. gen resesif pada kromosom-x<br />
D. gen dominan pada kromosom-x<br />
E. gen pada kromosom-y<br />
<br />
32. Bulu pada populasi marmut dipengaruhi oleh gen alela ganda dengan urutan
dominasi sebagai berikut :<br />
W > wch > wh > w<br />
W = normal wh = himalaya<br />
Wch = abu-abu w = albino<br />
Perkawinan kelinci normal heterozigot (Ww) dengan bulu abu-abu (wchw)
heterozigot akan menghasilkan keturunan … (2001)<br />
A. normal : abu-abu : himalaya = 2 : 1 : 1<br />
B. normal : abu-abu : albino = 2 : 1 : 1<br />
C. normal : abu-abu : himalaya : albino = 1 : 1 : 1 : 1<br />
D. normal : abu-abu : albino = 1 : 2 : 1<br />
E. normal : abu-abu : albino = 1 : 1 : 2<br />
<br />
33. Dari persilangan ayam walnut (sumpel) (RrPp) dengan ayam berpial pea (biji)
(rrPp), kemungkinan akan diperoleh keturunan walnut, rose (mawar), pea dan
single (bilah) dengan perbandingan … (2001)<br />
A. 1 : 1 : 3 : 3<br />
B. 1 : 3 : 3 : 1<br />
C. 3 : 1 : 1 : 3<br />
D. 3 : 1 : 3 : 1<br />
E. 3 : 3 : 1 : 1<br />
<br />
34. Perhatikan gambar kromosom yang mengalami meiosis berikut ini !<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwlQduz_ykI/AAAAAAAABUU/-PCOmKCdZ6M/s1600/a5.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwlQduz_ykI/AAAAAAAABUU/-PCOmKCdZ6M/s320/a5.jpg" border="0" height="89" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image092.jpg" width="192" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Kromosom ini mengalami peristiwa … (2001)<br />
A. pindah silang<br />
B. pindah silang dan pautan<br />
C. gagal berpisah<br />
D. pautan<br />
E. gen letal<br />
<br />
35. Lalat buah jantan berbadan abu-abu sayap panjang (GgLl) disilangkan dengan
yang betina berbadan hitam sayap pendek (ggll). Pada gen G dan L maupun gen g
dan l terjadi pautan. Dari hasil perkawinan tersebut diperoleh fenotipe
keturunan sebagai berikut: abu-abu sayap panjang : abu-abu sayap pendek : hitam
sayap panjang : hitam sayap pendek = 820 : 185 : 195 : 800. Berdasarkan kasus
tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa selama pembentukan gamet terjadi pindah silang
dengan nilai pindah silang sebesar … (2001)<br />
A. 0,19 %<br />
B. 1,90 %<br />
C. 19,00 %<br />
D. 23,00 %<br />
E. 24,00 %<br />
<br />
36. Pada tikus gen K berbulu coklat dominan terhadap gen k berbulu putih. Gen P
berekor pendek dominan terhadap gen p berekor panjang. Tikus coklat berekor
pendek heterozigot disilangkan sesamanya, akan menghasilkan keturunan dengan
perbandingan fenotipe … (2001)<br />
A. coklat pendek : coklat panjang : putih pendek : putih panjang = 6 : 2 : 3 :
1<br />
B. coklat pendek : coklat panjang : putih pendek : putih panjang = 3 : 3 : 3 :
1<br />
C. coklat pendek : coklat panjang : putih pendek : putih panjang = 9 : 3 : 3 :
1<br />
D. coklat pendek :: putih pendek : putih panjang = 9 : 3 : 4<br />
E. coklat pendek : putih panjang = 9 : 7<br />
<br />
37. Berikut ini adalah penyakit-penyakit pada manusia:<br />
1. AIDS<br />
2. Albinisme<br />
3. TBC<br />
4. Hemofilia<br />
5. Buta warna<br />
Yang termasuk penyakit bawaan adalah … (2001)<br />
A. 1, 2 dan 3<br />
B. 1, 4 dan 5<br />
C. 2, 3 dan 4<br />
D. 2, 4 dan 5<br />
E. 3, 4 dan 5<br />
<br />
38. Hemofilia disebabkan oleh gen terpaut X resesif. Jika seorang wanita normal
(ayahnya hemofilia) menikah dengan pria normal, kemungkinan fenotip anak-anak
nya adalah … (2001)<br />
A. Semua anak wanitanya karier hemofilia<br />
B. 50 % anak laki-lakinya karier hemofilia<br />
C. 50 % anak laki-lakinya hemofilia<br />
D. 75 % anaknya normal, 25 % anak-anaknya hemofilia<br />
E. 100 % anaknya normal<br />
<br />
39. Seekor keledai jantan mempunyai 62 kromosom di dalam setiap sel somatisnya.
Artinya pada setiap sperma terkandung kromosom … (2000)<br />
A. 30 autosom + 1 gonosom (X atau Y)<br />
B. 31 autosom + 1 gonosom X<br />
C. 31 pasang autosom + 1 gonosom X<br />
D. 60 autosom + 1 gonosom X + gonosom Y<br />
E. 60 autosom + 2 gonosom X<br />
<br />
40. Pada tikus, warna bulu hitam dikendalikan oleh gen R dan C bersama-sama,
sedangkan rr dan C menyebabkan warna hitam. Bila ada gen cc, tikus itu menjadi
albino. Perkawinan antara tikus hitam homozigot dengan tikus albino
menghasilkan F1 semua hitam. Bila F1 disilangkan sesamanya, maka pada F2
didapatkan keturunan hitam : krem : albino dengan perbandingan … (2000)<br />
A. 1 : 2 : 1<br />
B. 3 : 1 : 12<br />
C. 9 : 3 : 4<br />
D. 12 : 3 : 1<br />
E. 13 : 2 : 1<br />
<br />
41. Pada jagung, gen G menyebabkan daun hijau, sedangkan gen g menyebabkan
albino. Apabila jagung berdaun hijau heterozigot disilangkan sesamanya,
persentase keturunan yang diharapkan dapat hidup adalah … (2000)<br />
A. 10 %<br />
B. 20 %<br />
C. 25 %<br />
D. 50 %<br />
E. 75 %<br />
<br />
42. Seorang anak laki-laki hemofili dari suami istri yang normal. Dari seluruh
anaknya, berapa % suami istri ini mempunyai anak laki-laki yang normal? (2000)<br />
A. 12,50 %<br />
B. 25,00 %<br />
C. 37,50 %<br />
D. 50,00 %<br />
E. 75,00 %<br />
<br />
43. Kelinci chincilia (wkw) disilangkan dengan kelinci himalaya (whw). wk
dominan terhadap wh. w (putih) maka rasio fenotip turunannya yang putih pada F2
adalah … (1999)<br />
A. 0 %<br />
B. 25 %<br />
C. 50 %<br />
D. 75 %<br />
E. 100 %<br />
<br />
45. Persilangan kelinci telinga lebar bulu hitam heterozygot LLBb dengan yang
bertelinga sempit bulu kelabu llBb, maka prosentase fenotip turunannya yang
bertelinga lebar bulu hitam adalah … (1999)<br />
A. 8,25 %<br />
B. 12,75 %<br />
C. 25,00 %<br />
D. 50,00 %<br />
E. 75,00 %<br />
<br />
46. Individu yang mengandung faktor K tanpa faktor M atau sebaliknya berfenotip
putih, tetapi individu yang mengandung kedua faktor tersebut (K dan M) akan
berfenotip ungu. Individu dengan genotip KKmm disilangkan dengan kkMM,
menghasilkan fenotip ungu semua. F1 disilangkan sesamanya maka diperoleh
keturunan F2 dengan rasio fenotip … (1999)<br />
A. 1 : 1<br />
B. 3 : 1<br />
C. 9 : 7<br />
D. 13 : 3<br />
E. 15 : 1<br />
<br />
47. Persilangan lalat buah jantan abu-abu sayap panjang heterozigotik dengan
lalat buah betina hitam sayap pendek diperoleh turunan 965 individu abu-abu
bersayap panjang, 944 hitam sayap pendek, 206 hitam sayap panjang dari jumlah
keseluruhan 2.300 ekor.<br />
Berapa jumlah individu abu-abu sayap pendek, jika nilai pindah silangnya adalah
17 % (1999)<br />
A. 21 ekor<br />
B. 185 ekor<br />
C. 206 ekor<br />
D. 944 ekor<br />
E. 965 ekor<br />
<br />
48. Persilangan antara tikus berbulu kuning A*a dengan A*a menghasilkan turunan
letal dalam susunan homozigot (A*A*). Prosentase individu yang dapat hidup
adalah … (1999)<br />
A. 0 %<br />
B. 25 %<br />
C. 50 %<br />
D. 75 %<br />
E. 100 %<br />
<br />
49. Firman adalah penderita fenilketonuria (FKU) yang menikah dengan Nani yang
bergenotip sebagai pembawa, maka kemungkinan turunannya yang menjadi penderita
FKU adalah … (1999)<br />
A. 12,50 %<br />
B. 25,00 %<br />
C. 50,00 %<br />
D. 75,00 %<br />
E. 100,00 %<br />
<br />
50. Seorang laki-laki hemofilia mempunyai anak laki-laki normal dan laki-laki
penderita hemofilia, maka asumsi genotip istrinya adalah … (1999)<br />
A. XHXH<br />
B. XhXh<br />
C. XHXh<br />
D. XhXH<br />
E. XXhY<br />
<br />
51. Seorang wanita yang bergolongan darah A heterozigotik menikah dengan
laki-laki yang bergolongan darah B heterozigotik, maka kemungkinan golongan
darah anak-anaknya adalah … (1999)<br />
A. A dan B<br />
B. A, B dan O<br />
C. A, B, AB dan O<br />
D. B, AB dan O<br />
E. A, AB dan O<br />
<br />
52. Pada gandum gen H (hitam) epistasis terhadap gen K (kuning). Apabila kedua
gen H dan K tidak muncul, gandum memperlihatkan fenotip putih. Bila gandum
hitam (HHkk) disilangkan dengan gandum kuning (hhKK), kemudian F1-nya
disilangkan sesamanya, maka akan dihasilkan gandum hitam, kuning dan putih dengan
rasio … (1998)<br />
A. 12 : 1 : 3<br />
B. 12 : 3 : 1<br />
C. 9 : 4 : 3<br />
D. 9 : 3 : 4<br />
E. 3 : 1 : 12<br />
<br />
53. Jika seorang wanita pembawa sifat hemofili dengan seorang pria normal, maka
prosentase kemungkinan anak laki-laki mereka yang hemofili adalah … (1998)<br />
A. 100 %<br />
B. 75 %<br />
C. 50 %<br />
D. 25 %<br />
E. 12,5 %<br />
<br />
54. Perhatikan peta silsilah pewarisan sifat imbisil di bawah ini!<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwlUKNllZkI/AAAAAAAABUc/UNaXKfZ9r-w/s1600/a6.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwlUKNllZkI/AAAAAAAABUc/UNaXKfZ9r-w/s320/a6.jpg" border="0" height="110" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image093.jpg" width="302" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Dapat dipastikan bahwa individu karier imbisit adalah … (1998)<br />
A. I1 dan I2<br />
B. II1 dan II2<br />
C. II1 dan II3<br />
D. II2 dan II3<br />
E. I2 dan II2<br />
<br />
55. Perhatikan peta silsilah mengenai penggolongan darah di bawah ini!<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwnWkBZY3aI/AAAAAAAABUk/AR8ePPbHGu0/s1600/a1.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwnWkBZY3aI/AAAAAAAABUk/AR8ePPbHGu0/s320/a1.jpg" border="0" height="123" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image094.jpg" width="123" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Berdasarkan peta silsilah di bawah ini, fenotip dan genotip yang bernomor 6
adalah … (1998)<br />
A. A dan IAIA<br />
B. A dan IAIO<br />
C. B dan IBIB<br />
D. B dan IBIO<br />
E. AB dan IAIB<br />
<br />
56. Perhatikan diagram penyilangan Drosophila melanogaster di bawah ini!<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwnXIi4mEXI/AAAAAAAABUs/3Nwr8vTBkvY/s1600/a2.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwnXIi4mEXI/AAAAAAAABUs/3Nwr8vTBkvY/s320/a2.jpg" border="0" height="185" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image095.jpg" width="288" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Memperhatikan gambar diagram tersebut zigot yang mengalami kematian adalah …
(1997)<br />
A. 1–5<br />
B. 2–5<br />
C. 3–4<br />
D. 4–3<br />
E. 5–2<br />
<br />
57. Pada sapi gen D dalam keadaan homozigot menghasilkan kaki panjang (normal),
dalam keadaan heterozigot menyebabkan kaki pendek (dexter), alelnya (d) dalam
keadaan homozigot menyebabkan letal. Sifat bertanduk dikendalikan gen P
sedangkan gen p tidak bertanduk. Jika 2 ekor sapi dexter bertanduk heterozigot
disilangkan sesamanya, maka keturunannya yaitu sapi normal tak bertanduk.: sapi
normal bertanduk : sapi dexter tak bertanduk : sapi dexter bertanduk adalah …
(1997)<br />
A. 1 : 2 : 3 : 6<br />
B. 1 : 3 : 2 : 6<br />
C. 1 : 3 : 4 : 4<br />
D. 2 : 2 : 4 : 4<br />
E. 3 : 3 : 3 : 3<br />
<br />
58. Persilangan peta silsilah keluarga di bawah ini!<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwnXuMScg-I/AAAAAAAABU0/TNaM9hBGB-g/s1600/a3.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwnXuMScg-I/AAAAAAAABU0/TNaM9hBGB-g/s320/a3.jpg" border="0" height="96" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image096.jpg" width="247" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Berdasarkan peta silsilah dan keterangan di atas, dapat ditentukan genotip Ibu
(I) dan Ayah (2) adalah … (1997)<br />
A. XCXCAA dan XCYAa<br />
B. XcXcAA dan XcYAA<br />
C. XCXcAa dan XcYAa<br />
D. XCXAa dan XCYAa<br />
E. XCXCAa dan XCYAa<br />
<br />
59. Sapi jantan berbulu hitam kasar disilangkan dengan betina berbulu putih
halus. Keturunan yang dihasilkan menunjukkan perbandingan ¼ hitam halus, ¼
putih halus, ¼ putih kasar, ¼ hitam kasar. Manakah genotip kedua induknya?
(1996)<br />
A. HHKK dan hhkk<br />
B. HhKk dan hhkk<br />
C. HHkk dan Hhkk<br />
D. HhKk dan HhKk<br />
E. HHKk dan HHKk<br />
<br />
60. Diagram di atas merupakan peta silsilah dari keluarga albino, yang
didapatkan dari generasi pendahulunya<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwnY1FNTE_I/AAAAAAAABU8/29rpl_ggP94/s1600/a4.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwnY1FNTE_I/AAAAAAAABU8/29rpl_ggP94/s320/a4.jpg" border="0" height="117" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image097.jpg" width="233" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Berdasarkan peta tersebut, genotip orang tua pada nomor 1 dan nomor 2 adalah …
(1995)<br />
A. keduanya homozigot dominan<br />
B. ayah homozigot dominan, ibu heterozigot<br />
C. ayah homozigot dominan, ibu homozigot resesif<br />
D. keduanya heterozigot<br />
E. keduanya homozigot resesif<br />
<br />
61. Bila suatu organisme bergenotip AaBbCc, maka jumlah macam gamet yang
dibentuk sebanyak … (1995)<br />
A. 4<br />
B. 6<br />
C. 8<br />
D. 10<br />
E. 12<br />
<br />
62. Jeruk berbuah banyak (B) rasa masam (m) disilangkan dengan jeruk berbuah
sedikit (b) rasa manis (M), diperoleh keturunan F1 yang semuanya berbuah banyak
rasa manis heterozigot untuk kedua sifat. Genotip F2 yang paling baik untuk
bibit adalah … (1995)<br />
A. BB MM<br />
B. BB Mn<br />
C. Bb MM<br />
D. Bb MM<br />
E. BB mm<br />
<br />
63. Peta silsilah (Pedigree) pewarisan sifat buta warna<br />
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwnZk-8RQnI/AAAAAAAABVE/kbtwfG_ccGg/s1600/a5.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_W8CnB6T2vbM/SwnZk-8RQnI/AAAAAAAABVE/kbtwfG_ccGg/s320/a5.jpg" border="0" height="117" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cpeys%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image098.jpg" width="302" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Berdasarkan peta silsilah di atas maka genotip<br />
parentalnya adalah … (1994)<br />
A. XBXB × XBY<br />
B. XbXb × XbY<br />
C. XbXb × XBY<br />
D. XBXb × XbY<br />
E. XBXb × XBY<br />
<br />
64. Tanaman berbunga merah disilangkan dengan yang berbunga putih, menghasilkan
keturunan pertama semua merah muda. Jika keturunan pertama disilangkan
sesamanya, maka perbandingan fenotip merah : merah muda : putih pada keturunan
kedua adalah … (1993)<br />
A. 1 : 2 : 3<br />
B. 2 : 1 : 2<br />
C. 1 : 1 : 2<br />
D. 2 : 1 : 1<br />
E. 1 : 2 : 1<br />
<br />
65. Suatu individu bergenotipe PP Qq rr akam membentuk sel gamet … (1993)<br />
A. PQr dan Pqr<br />
B. PPQ dan qrr<br />
C. PQr dan PGg<br />
D. PQq dan Pqr<br />
E. PQr dan Qrr<br />
<br />
66. Bunga merah disilang dengan putih diperoleh F1 warna ungu, F1 disilang
sesamanya diperoleh hasil F2 dengan rasio perbandingan 9 ungu : 3 merah : 4
putih. Dari hasil tersebut dapat ditentukan bahwa terjadi peristiwa … (1993)<br />
A. Epistatis<br />
B. Polimeri<br />
C. Komplementer<br />
D. Hipostatis<br />
E. Kriptomeri<br />
<br />
67. Suatu individu bergenotipe Aa Bb Cc. Jika dalam meiosisnya ada pautan
antara gen A-B dan a-b maka kemungkinan macam gamet yang terbentuk … (1993)<br />
A. ABC, Abc, Abc, ABC<br />
B. Abc, abc, abc, Abc<br />
C. Abc, Abc, abc, u<br />
D. ABC, ABc, abC, abc<br />
E. ABC, Abc, abC, abc<br />
<br />
68. Disilangkan Drosophila antara induk jantan bermata merah dengan induk
betina bermata putih. F1 didapatkan setengahnya betina bermata merah dan jantan
bermata putih kemudian disilangkan sesamanya. Prosentase fenotip individu
bermata merah pada keturunannya adalah … (1993)<br />
A. 25 %<br />
B. 50 %<br />
C. 75 %<br />
D. 90 %<br />
E. 100 %<br />
<br />
69Drosophila jantan normal disilangkan dengan Drosophila betina yang mengalami
gagal berpisah dalam pembentukan gamet, maka kemungkinan diperoleh keturunan
jantan adalah … (1993)<br />
A. 100 %<br />
B. 66,66 %<br />
C. 33,33 %<br />
D. 25 %<br />
E. 12,5 %<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">70. Dalam
percobannya, Morgan mengawinkan lalat buah jantan mata putih dengan lalat buah
mata merah. F<sub>1</sub> semuanya bermata merah baik jantan maupun betina.
Pada F<sub>2</sub> , 75% keturunan bermata merah dan 25% keturunan bermata
putih dan yang bermata putih ini adalah jantan. Peristiwa ini terjadi karena
adanya fenomena. . . . . </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. pindah
silang </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. pautan
seks</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. gagal
berpisah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.
determinasi seks </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. pautan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">71. Pada
persilangan Drosophila melanogaster betina mata merah heterozigot dengan jantan
mata merah. Sifat mata merah terpaut dalam kromosom x dan bersifat dominan,
maka keturunan yang dihasilkannya : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. semua
keturunannya bermata merah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. 100%
drosophila jantan bermata merah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. 50%
jantan bermata merah : 50% betina mata merah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. 50%
jantan bermata putih : 100% betina mata merah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. 100%
betina bermata merah : 25% jantan mata merah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">72.
Drosophila warna hitam dan sayap panjang gen dominan yang mengalami pautan,
mempunyai genotif BbVv, macam gametnya adalah . . . . </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. BV dan Bv
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. BV dan bv
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. BV dan bV
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Bv dan Vb</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. Bv, Bv,
bV, dan bv </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">73. Bila
persilangan antara DDLL dan ddll menghasil kan F<sub>1</sub> semuanya DdLl, dan
setelah dilakukan uji silang diperoleh data sebagai berikut : DL=897; dl = 903
; Dl = 104; dL = 96. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dari data di
atas dapat diketahui telah terjadi peristiwa crossing over dengan nilai sebesar
: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. 90% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. 80% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. 50% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. 20% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. 10%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">74. Umumnya
determinasi seks ditentukan oleh kromosom seks x dan y. Tetapi pada beberapa
hewan ada yang ditentukan oleh sistem kromosom seks Z dan W, seperti pada </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. orang
utan, kupu-kupu, paus </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. ayam,
kupu-kupu, kelelawar </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. belalang,
merpati, orang utan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.
kupu-kupu, ayam, ikan mas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e.
kupu-kupu, merpati, belalang </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">75.
Timbulnya betina super lalat buah (drosophila melanogaster) yang bermotif xxx,
hanya dimungkinkan bila pada waktu pembentukan gamet terjadi peristiwa . . . . </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. gagal
berpisah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. gen letal
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. pindah
silang </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. gen linked</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e.
determinasi seks</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">76.
Drosophila betina mata merah yang mengalami gagal berpisah disilangkan dengan
drosophila jantan mata putih. Perbandingan fenotif keturunannya adalah . . . . </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. betina
mata merah : jantan mata merah = 3 : 1 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. betina
mata merah : jantan mata putih = 2 : 1 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. betina
mata merah : jantan mata putih = 1 : 2 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. betina
mata putih : jantan mata merah = 3 : 1 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. betina
mata merah : jantan maa putih = 1 : 3 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">77.
Peristiwa gagal berpisah hanya terjadi pada kromosom kelamin </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebab </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sel kelamin
hanya mengandung kromosom kelamin </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">78. Individu
xxy, penderita sindroma klinefelter diakibatkan oleh peristiwa
non-disjungstion, dengan gejala : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. ovarium
menyusut dan tidak mengalami orgenesis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. tumbuh
payudara dengan gaya dan suara mirip wanita </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Uterus
kecil dan tidak mengalami haid </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. tidak ada
testis, sehingga tidak mempunyai sperma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">79. Pria
dengan genotif kromosom seks XYY memiliki jenis kelamin laki-laki dengan
sifat-sifat yang asosial, kriminal dan agresif </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebab </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pria yang
lahir dari kasus gagal berpisah akan mengalami sifat-sifat demikian </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">80.Gen letal
yang dikenal selama ini ternyata ada dua jenis, yaitu letal dominan dan letal
resesif. Dalam keadaan heterozigot keduanya akan berbeda, yaitu </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. letal
dominan mengalami cacat </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. letal
resesif mengalami sub letal </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. letal
resesif tetap normal tetapi carrier</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. letal
dominan mengalami lethal prenatal </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">81. Bila gen
B merupakan gen letal, berapa % turunan yang hidup dari hasil persilangan AaBb
x aaBb </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. 6,25% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. 15,5% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. 25% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. 50%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. 75%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">82. Bila gen
A letal, maka hasil persilangan AaBb dengan AaBb akan menghasilkan phenocyae </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. 2 macam </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. 4 macam </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. 6 macam </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. 8 macam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. 12 macam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">83.
Persilangan antara tikus kuning (Tt) dengan tikus kuning (Tt) dimana gen T
bersifat letal. Pada F<sub>1</sub> perbandingan fenotif antara tikus kuning dan
tikus tidak kuning adalah . . . . </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. 3 : 1 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. 2 : 2 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. 1 : 2 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. 2 : 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. 2 : 3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">84.Bila gen
A dan C berpautan serta c bersifat letal maka keturunan yang hidup dari hasil
perkawinan individu yang bergenotif AaBBCc adalah . . . </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. 12,5 % </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. 25% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. 50 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. 75%% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. 100%<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">85. Ayam
berpial biji disilangkan dengan ayam berpial gerigi. Keturunan terdiri atas
sumpel : biji, bilah : 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. Berdasarkan data tersebut di atas,
pernyataan berikut yang benar adalah. . . . </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. pial
sumpel merupakan hasil interaksi 2 sifat resesif </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. sifat
gerigi masing-masing dominan terhadap biji </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. pial biji
merupakan hasil interaksi dua sifat resesif </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. ayam
berpial sumpel selalu heterozigot dominan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. pial
sumpel hasil interaksi gen dominan resesif </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">86.Ayam
berpial walnut (PPRr) dikawinkan dengan ayam berpial walnut (PrRr), berapa
macam genotip ayam berpial walnut yang dihasilkan pada F<sub>1</sub> : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. 4 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. 7 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. 5 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. 8 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. 6 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">87. Warna
biji gandum merah ditentukan oleh M<sub>1</sub> dan M<sub>2</sub> , warna biji.
Dari persilangan gandum merah sesamanya didapat hasil perkawinan dengan ratio
15 gandum biji merah dan 1 gandum biji putih. Genotif parentalnya adalah : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. M<sub>1</sub>m<sub>1</sub>
M<sub>2</sub>m<sub>2</sub> x M<sub>1</sub>m<sub>1</sub> M<sub>2</sub>m<sub>2 </sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. M<sub>1</sub>M<sub>1</sub>
M<sub>2</sub>m<sub>2</sub> x m<sub>1</sub>m<sub>1</sub> M<sub>2</sub>m<sub>2</sub>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. M<sub>1</sub>m<sub>1</sub>
M<sub>2</sub>M<sub>2</sub> x m<sub>1</sub>m<sub>1</sub> M<sub>2</sub>m<sub>2</sub>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. M<sub>1</sub>M<sub>1</sub>
m<sub>2</sub>m<sub>2</sub> x M<sub>1</sub>m<sub>1</sub> m<sub>2</sub>m<sub>2</sub>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. M<sub>1</sub>m<sub>1
</sub>M<sub>2</sub>m<sub>2</sub> x M<sub>1</sub>M<sub>1</sub> m<sub>2</sub>m<sub>2</sub>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">88.Perkawinan
antara seorang pria mulat dan wanita mulat menghasilkan keturunan dan fenotif :
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. negro </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. mulat
gelap </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. mulat
sedang </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. putih </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">89.
Perhatikan tabel data persilangan gandum di bawah ini </span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 46.6pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 186px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="4" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 106.5pt;" width="142"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 33.0pt;" width="44"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td colspan="4" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 106.5pt;" width="142"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 33.0pt;" width="44"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 1.0pt; padding: 0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt; width: 3.8pt;" valign="top" width="5"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2" style="height: 1.0pt; padding: 0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt; width: 69.3pt;" valign="top" width="92"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2" style="height: 1.0pt; padding: 0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt; width: 66.05pt;" valign="top" width="88"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 66.05pt;" width="88"><br /></td>
<td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.75pt;" width="97"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.75pt;" width="5"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;" width="83"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.75pt;" width="9"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" width="45"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.0pt;" width="44"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan
data tersebut dipastikan terjadi suatu peristiwa . . . . </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. polimeri </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. interaksi
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.
kriptomeri </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. interaksi
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. epistasi
- hipostasis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">90. Gandum
berkulit hitam (HhKk) disilangkan dengan gandum berkulit kuning (hhKk). Jika
terjadi peristiwa epistasis dan hipostasis maka turunan yang dihasilkan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. 50% hitam
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. 12,5%
putih </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. 25%
kuning </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. 37,5%
hitam </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">91.
Modifikasi ratio 25%, 56,25% : 18,95% dijumpai pada . . . .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.
kriptomeri </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. epistasis
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. interaksi
gen </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.
hipostasis </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. polimeri </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">92. Linaria
marocana warna ungu (AaBb) disilangkan dengan linaria marocana merah (Aabb)
dari hasil persilangan didapatkan linaria warna putih sebanyak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. 75% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. 12,5% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. 50% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. 6,25% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. 25% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">93.
Persilangan 2 tanaman KKhh dengan kkHH pada F<sub>2</sub> menghasilkan ratio
fenotif 9 : 7 berdasarkan data di atas berarti ada penyimpangan yang dimaksud
adalah . . . . </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. epistasis
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.
komplementer </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.
hipostasis </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.
kriptomeri </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. interaksi
gen </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">94.Suami
istri masing-masing bisu-tuli sejak lahir mempunyai 3 orang anak yang semuanya
mem-punyai pendengaran dan dapat berbicara normal. Orang tua anak-anak itu
dapat diperkirakan mem-punyai genotif. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. aaBB x
aaBB </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. aabb x
aabb</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. AaBb x
Aabb </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. AAbb x
aaBB</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. AaBb x
AaBb </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">95.
Persilangan ayam berpial biji (Pea) dengan ayam berpial gerigi (ras)
menghasilkan keturunan ayam berpial sumpel (walnut) dan ayam berpial bial
(single) </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebab </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ayam berpial
sumpel merupakan interaksi dua faktor dominan yang berdiri sendiri-sendiri dan bilah
sebagai hasil interaksi dua faktor resesif </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">96. Gen
untuk pigmen M<sub>1</sub> dan M<sub>2</sub> dan olelnya m<sub>1</sub> dan m<sub>2</sub>
tidak menghasilkan pigmen. Pada peristiwa polimeri, gandum dengan pigmen merah
dibastarkan dengan gandum pigmen merah menghasilkan turunan merah muda, merah
muda sekali dan putih (tak berpigmen) dengan perbandingan 1 : 2 : 1 parentalnya
adalah . . . . </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. M<sub>1</sub>M<sub>1</sub>M<sub>2</sub>M<sub>2</sub>
x M<sub>1</sub>M<sub>1</sub>m<sub>2</sub>m<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. M<sub>1 </sub>M<sub>1
</sub>M<sub>2 </sub>M<sub>2 </sub>x M<sub>1 m1 </sub>m<sub>2 </sub>m<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. M<sub>1</sub>M<sub>1</sub>m<sub>2</sub>m<sub>2</sub>
x m<sub>1</sub>m<sub>1</sub>M<sub>2</sub>m<sub>2</sub> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. M<sub>1</sub>m<sub>1</sub>m<sub>2</sub>m<sub>2</sub>
x m<sub>1</sub>m<sub>1</sub> M<sub>2</sub>m<sub>2</sub> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. M<sub>1</sub>M<sub>1</sub>m<sub>2</sub>m<sub>2</sub>
x M<sub>1</sub>m<sub>1</sub>m<sub>2</sub>m<sub>2</sub> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">97.
Perkawinan tikus hitam dan tikus kuning dimana faktor (H) pembawa sifat hitam
bersifat epistasis terhadap faktor (K) pembawa sifat kuning yang hipostasis.
Jika Hhkk disilangkan dengan HhKK, genotif tikus hitam yang akan dihasilkan
adalah . . </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. 2 macam </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. 5 macam </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. 3 macam </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. 6 macam </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. 4 macam </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">98. Dari
persilangan linaria maroccana merah galur murni dengan linaria maroccana putih
galur murni, turunan pertama warna ungu dan turunan kedua ungu :: putih dengan
perbandingan 9 : 3 : 4 </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebab </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Warna ungu
dominan terhadap putih dan merah</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ayala, F. J.
and Kiger, J. A. (1984). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Modern Genetics</i>.
2nded. Menlo Park: The Benjamin/Cunning Publ.Co., Inc.<br />
<br />
Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M. J., and Snustad, D.P. (1991). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Principles of Genetics</i>. 8th.ed. N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons,Inc.<br />
<br />
Suryo. (1994). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Genetika Strata 1</i>.
Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.<br />
<br />
Weaver, R. F., and Hedrick, P.W. (1992). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Genetics.</i>
2nd.ed. Dubuque: Wm.C.Brown Publ.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Corebima, 1997. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Genetika Mendel</i>. Surabaya: Airlangga University press.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indra, joe. 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Genetika</i>. Tersedia di http:// blogspot.com. diakses 25
september 2011</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abdul, Aryati. 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bahan Ajar Genetika 1.</i> Universitas
Negeri Gorontalo.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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